The LAW Corpus

· Simultaneous and successive bi/trilingual acquisition of Mandarin, English and Cantonese in three U.S.-born Chinese children.

· Nurturing infant bi/trilingualism involving a heritage language, a majority language and/or a heritage dialect in English-dominant contexts.

To use the data from the LAW Corpus, please cite:

Mai, Z., Matthews, S. & Yip, V. (in prep) Heritage Chinese in English contexts: the Child Heritage Chinese Corpus.

Children in the LAW corpus

The Luna corpus

Luna was born in New York in 2011. She is the first-born of the family. She has been exposed to Mandarin Chinese at home since birth and English in nursery and preschool since she was 0;09. Her parents are professionals who are native speakers of Mandarin and speak English fluently as their second language. Both of them come from mainland China, the mother from a Cantonese-speaking city in southern China, and the father from the north. They had completed their first degrees in natural sciences and engineering in prestigious universities in Beijing before they arrived in the United States to pursue doctoral degrees. At home, the parents address Luna almost exclusively in Mandarin with only occasional switches to English. Before the age of 0;09, Luna was primarily taken care of by her parents and her maternal grandparents, who also addressed Luna in Mandarin. From 0;09 to 3;00, Luna spent approximately seven hours a day during weekdays at a local daycare, where English was the language between staff members and between staff and the infants. The family relocated to Maryland when Luna was 3;01, where Luna attended an English-medium pre-school from 3;02 to 5;08, and she was particularly close to the Chinese-speaking children in her class. Spanish was introduced to Luna by her school teachers in her pre-school when she was 3;02, with one hour of exposure per week. Luna is now attending first grade (Kindergarten) in an elementary school in Maryland. She has taken a few month-long trips outside the US before 4;11 (age of the last recording in this release), most of them to China visiting friends and family in major cities. Luna had a little sister when she was 4;03, and the parents have adhered to the Mandarin-only policy to address both girls at home. Mandarin is the language of communication between Luna and her sister.

Regular recording of Luna began in 2013 at age 2;00 and still continued at the time of writing. On the initial launch of Luna’s corpus, the transcripts of the speech data from 2;00 to 4;11 will be released. From 2;00 to 4;01, Luna was video-recorded by her parents at home at weekly or bi-weekly intervals. From 3;10 to 4;11, Luna was invited to interact with our research staff at CUHK via Skype at regular intervals. The Skype sessions, both audio and video, were recorded using Camtasia by the researchers. The Skype sessions were scheduled for the early mornings of Hong Kong and early evenings of Maryland. Most of them were 40-60 minutes in duration, evenly divided into a Mandarin session, where Luna interacted with a Mandarin-speaking researcher in Mandarin, and an English session, where the same or another research assistant, who spoke English as their second language, elicited English from Luna. The Skype sessions consisted of child-friendly activities including story-telling, role play, games with toys and free chat. The Mandarin and English sessions were later split into different files in transcription and tagging. To compensate for data loss due to unstable connections in web-based calls, Luna’s mother, who observed all of the Skype calls, audio-recorded the Skype conversations on another device (e.g. smartphone, sound recorder). The transcription of Skype sessions was done based on the audio recordings provided by the parents and checked against the Camtasia recordings, in cases where the speakers’ utterances were unintelligible due to unstable internet connection. To address the parents’ requests to protect the family’s privacy, only the transcripts and corresponding audio recordings, some of them converted from video recordings, is released. In sum, the initial release of the Luna corpus contains 13 hours and 22 minutes’ recordings of Luna interacting with parents at home from 2;00-4;01, and 13 hours and 29 minutes’ recordings of Luna interacting with researchers via Skype from 3;10-4;11 (4 hours 56 minutes in Mandarin, 8 hours and 33 minutes in English), totalling 26 hours and 51 minutes.

To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal corpus documenting a child’s language development drawing on web-based data collection methods. In Mai and Yip (2017), Zhu, Mai and Yip (2018) and Yip, Mai and Matthews (2018), we demonstrated how the skype sessions are conducted and discussed the methodological issues that this method gives rise to. Compared to traditional home recordings, web-based data collection incurs lower costs and offers greater flexibility. It is transformational for the study of heritage bilingualism, as a critical question in the field is how knowledge of one’s mother tongue is acquired under less-than-optimal conditions in childhood and subsequently maintained or attrited later in life. Web-based data recording enables us to collect the heritage children’s speech data by crossing location barriers: Hong Kong based researchers are able to interact with the US-based heritage children and make recordings of the data, supplementing traditional recordings normally conducted by home visits.

The Avia corpus

Avia was born in Ann Arbor, MI in 2012, and currently lives with her parents in Seattle, WA. Her mother, originally from northern China, arrived in the United States with her parents when she was five, and had spoken Chinese on a daily basis with her parents until she attended college. At the time of recording, Avia’s mother was fluent in both Mandarin and English, with stronger abilities in English than in Mandarin, especially on professional topics and formal registers. Avia’s father is American, with English as his first and dominant language. Both parents are professionals with doctoral degrees in engineering. With strong convictions in the necessity and possibility of passing on the Chinese heritage to Avia and the linguistic and cognitive benefits of early childhood bilingualism, the parents adopt the “one parent-one language” principle in their interaction with Avia, with the mother exclusively speaking Mandarin, and the father speaking English. The language between the parents is English. Avia has a younger brother, who is three years younger than her. The parents observed that Avia mainly spoke Mandarin with her brother, mixed with some English. Before the age of 2;05, Avia was taken care of mainly by her parents and a Mandarin-speaking au pair. From 2;05 to 4;11, Avia attended a bilingual daycare, where Mandarin was the dominant language, three days per week for eight hours a day, followed by an English-medium local elementary school after 4;11. Avia lived in the US continuously throughout the period of recording, apart from brief visits to mainland China (4 weeks in total by 4;11).

The Avia corpus contains 19 hours of video recordings documenting Avia’s interaction with her parents from 2;0 to 3;11 in the home setting (15 hours in Mandarin with the mother and 4 hours in English with the father). They were recorded by Avia’s parents at 2-3 week intervals from 2014 to 2016, and transcribed and tagged in CLAN (MacWhinney, 2000) by our research team.

The Winston corpus

Winston was born in Boston, MA in 2012, and moved to Seattle, WA with his parents at the age of 0;04. Similar to Luna, Winston’s parents had completed their first degrees in science and engineering in prestigious universities in Beijing before they arrived in the United States to pursue doctoral degrees. Both are highly proficient in English and use English on a daily basis in the workplace. Unlike Luna, Winston’s parents grew up bilingually in Guangzhou, a Cantonese-speaking city in southern China, speaking both Cantonese (Guangzhou) and Mandarin with family and friends, and are determined to pass on both Cantonese and Mandarin to Winston. At home, Winston’s mother speaks Cantonese to Winston while his father speaks Mandarin most of the time. Winston’s younger brother was born when he was 3;08. The maternal and paternal grandparents played a major role in taking care of the children. They addressed the children in Cantonese and Mandarin 70% and 30% of the time respectively. In addition, the family hired a Mandarin-speaking domestic helper for four months (0;07-0;10) and a Cantonese-speaking one for ten months (2;05-3;02), who had daily interactions with Winston in the respective languages. Winston also met with an English tutor for 2-3 hours per week starting from 5;00.

Winston attended a monolingual English nursery for a month from 1;08 to 1;09, and switched to an international Montessori nursery at 1;09. In the latter Winston was first enrolled in a “quadrilingual programme”, in which he was exposed to Mandarin, Japanese, Spanish and English for fourteen months from 1;10 to 3;00, and then a “bilingual programme” (English and Mandarin) from 3;00 to 4;04. At 4;04, Winston started attending a preschool where English is used as the sole language of instruction. In each school, Winston spends six hours at school on weekdays. For Winston’s parents, developing relatively balanced abilities in Cantonese, Mandarin and Cantonese is one of the most important considerations in choosing Winston’s school and after-school activities, as well as domestic helpers and tutors. The parents have observed and monitored Winston’s language development closely and adjusted the amount of input in English, Mandarin, and Cantonese accordingly. Winston is attending an English-medium elementary school for gifted children at the time of writing.

Winston’s parents started to record their interactions with Winston in Cantonese and Mandarin weekly at home when Winston was 1;00. Like Luna, we collected Winston’s speech data in English via Skype interactions, which started when Winston was 3;00 on a weekly and then bi-weekly basis. For this release, there is a total of 22 hours and 24 minutes of recordings, covering Winston’s development in Cantonese, Mandarin and English from 1;07 to 3;07. In Mai, Wu, Wong, Law and Yip (2018), we have discussed the combined roles of cross-linguistic influence and input frequency by examining the development of the zoeng-construction.

Audio Highlights

Here are some linguistically interesting highlights, selected from the audio documentation of Luna, Avia and Winston interacting with adults.

Luna

Luna producing a non-target-like Mandarin passive resembling the word order of English passive [Patient-be-V-ed-by Agent]

*MAG: 这是干吗呀 ?

%mor: pro|zhe4=this v:cop|shi4=is adv:wh|gan4ma=why sfp|ya ?

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|2|PRED 4|2|SFP 5|2|PUNCT

*CHI: 啊他们找石头老爷爷 , 因为 Anna@s:eng 被伤害了 Elsa@s:eng .

n:relat|ye2&DIM=grandfather cm|cm conj|yin1wei4=because L2|Anna

prep|bei4=by v|shang1hai4=injure asp|le L2|Elsa .

%gra: 1|11|COM 2|3|SUBJ 3|11|JCT 4|11|SUBJ 5|11|MOD 6|11|SUBJ 7|11|JCT

8|11|JCT 9|11|JCT 10|11|JCT 11|0|ROOT 12|11|OBJ 13|11|OBJ 14|11|PUNCT

*MAG: 哦 Elsa@s:eng 不小心伤害了 Anna@s:eng 是不是 [<] ?

%mor: co|o1=chant L2|Elsa neg|bu4=not v|xiao3xin1=beware

n|shang1hai4=harm asp|le L2|Anna tag|shi4bu2shi4=right ?

%gra: 1|4|COM 2|4|JCT 3|4|NEG 4|0|ROOT 5|6|MOD 6|4|OBJ 7|6|INCROOT 8|7|COM

9|7|PUNCT

*CHI: 对 [>] .

%mor: tag|dui4=correct .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

Luna producing a non-target-like Mandarin verb phrase with post-verbal indirect argument, possibly influenced by the corresponding verb phrase in English.

*CHI: <你有没有> [//] 你知不知道那个人是什么呀 ?

n|ren2=person v:cop|shi4=is pro:wh|shen2me=what sfp|ya ?

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|4|SUBJ 3|4|NEG 4|0|ROOT 5|6|MOD 6|4|OBJ 7|4|ROOT 8|7|OBJ

9|4|SFP 10|4|PUNCT

*CHI: 然后他有两个 lightsaber@s 插在一 [/] 一起 .

L2|lightsaber v|cha1=insert prep|zai4=at adv|yi1qi3=together .

%gra: 1|3|JCT 2|3|SUBJ 3|7|CJCT 4|3|PQ 5|7|SUBJ 6|7|JCT 7|0|ROOT 8|7|JCT

9|8|PREPO 10|7|PUNCT

*MAG: 有两个 <lightsaber@s 插在一起> [>] .

prep|zai4=at adv|yi1qi3=together .

%gra: 1|5|COM 2|1|PQ 3|5|SUBJ 4|5|JCT 5|0|ROOT 6|5|JCT 7|6|PREPO 8|5|PUNCT

*CHI: <对 , 然后你看> [<] , 我知道他 [/] 他干啥对那个好人 , 他就这样 [=! kicking] .

%mor: tag|dui4=correct cm|cm adv|ran2hou4=thereupon pro|ni3=you

pro:wh|sha2=what cl|dui4=pair pro|na4ge4=that n|hao3ren2=good_person

cm|cm pro|ta1=he adv|jiu4=just adv|zhe4yang4=so .

%gra: 1|5|COM 2|5|SUBJ 3|5|JCT 4|5|SUBJ 5|0|ROOT 6|8|COM 7|8|SUBJ 8|5|OBJ

9|10|SUBJ 10|8|SRL 11|10|OBJ 12|8|JCT 13|14|MOD 14|18|TOP 15|18|COM

16|18|SUBJ 17|18|JCT 18|12|PREPO 19|5|PUNCT

Luna producing an English what-question with “what” in-situ.

*SOP: what is he doing ?

%mor: pro:int|what cop|be&3S pro:sub|he part|do-PRESP ?

%gra: 1|2|LINK 2|0|ROOT 3|4|SUBJ 4|2|PRED 5|2|PUNCT

*CHI: can’t run away , because a big snowman like can’t go away fast .

adv|away adv|fast .

%gra: 1|3|AUX 2|1|NEG 3|0|ROOT 4|3|JCT 5|3|LP 6|13|LINK 7|9|DET 8|9|MOD

9|13|SUBJ 10|13|JCT 11|13|AUX 12|11|NEG 13|3|CJCT 14|13|JCT 15|13|JCT

16|3|PUNCT

*SOP: ah , okay [/] okay .

%mor: co|ah cm|cm adj|okay .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|LP 3|1|ENUM 4|1|PUNCT

*SOP: oh next page .

%mor: co|oh adj|next n|page .

%gra: 1|3|COM 2|3|MOD 3|0|INCROOT 4|3|PUNCT

*CHI: look he’s doing what .

%gra: 1|4|LINK 2|4|SUBJ 3|4|AUX 4|0|ROOT 5|4|OBJ 6|4|PUNCT

Luna producing two non-target-like English relative clauses lacking the relative pronoun.

*MAG: what is this man doing ?

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|4|DET 4|2|PRED 5|4|XMOD 6|2|PUNCT

*MAG: is he sleeping ?

%mor: cop|be&3S pro:sub|he part|sleep-PRESP ?

%gra: 1|3|LINK 2|3|SUBJ 3|0|ROOT 4|3|PUNCT

*CHI: yeah , the guy is purple is good .

adj|good .

%gra: 1|5|COM 2|1|LP 3|4|DET 4|5|SUBJ 5|0|ROOT 6|5|PRED 7|6|CMOD 8|7|PRED

9|5|PUNCT

*CHI: the guy is red is not good , is bad .

cm|cm aux|be&3S adj|bad .

%gra: 1|2|DET 2|3|SUBJ 3|0|ROOT 4|3|PRED 5|7|AUX 6|5|NEG 7|4|CMOD 8|7|LP

9|7|ENUM 10|9|PRED 11|3|PUNCT

Luna producing ba-sentences with a range of lexical verb phrases in Mandarin.

5.1

*CHI: <然后 [/] 然后> [<] 不许把大车车弄坏了 .

%mor: adv|ran2hou4=thereupon neg|bu4=not v:aux|zhun3=allow

prep|ba3=object_marker adj|da4=great n|che1&DIM=vehicle v|nong4=make

v:resc|huai4=spoil asp|le .

%gra: 1|7|JCT 2|3|NEG 3|7|SUBJ 4|7|JCT 5|6|MOD 6|4|PREPO 7|0|ROOT 8|7|VR

9|7|COM 10|7|PUNCT

*CHI: 听到没有啦 ?

%gra: 1|4|CJCT 2|1|VR 3|4|NEG 4|0|ROOT 5|4|SFP 6|4|PUNCT

*FAT: 嗯 .

%mor: co|en1=okay .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

*CHI: 听 [/] 听到没有 ?

%mor: v|ting1=listen v:resc|dao4=arrive neg|mei2=not v|you3=have ?

%gra: 1|4|SUBJ 2|1|VR 3|4|NEG 4|0|ROOT 5|4|PUNCT

5.2

*CHI: 呀 , 爸爸你怎么把这个拆了呀 ?

prep|ba3=object_marker pro|zhe4ge4=this v|chai1=separate asp|le

sfp|ya ?

%gra: 1|8|SUBJ 2|8|JCT 3|8|COM 4|8|SUBJ 5|8|JCT 6|8|JCT 7|6|PREPO 8|0|ROOT

9|8|OBJ 10|8|SFP 11|8|PUNCT

*FAT: 什么拆了 ?

%mor: adv:wh|shen2me=what v|chai1=separate asp|le ?

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|2|OBJ 4|2|PUNCT

*CHI: 这个洗手间 .

%mor: pro|zhe4ge4=this n|xi3shou3jian1=toilet .

%gra: 1|2|MOD 2|0|INCROOT 3|2|PUNCT

*FAT: 洗手间 ?

%mor: n|xi3shou3jian1=toilet ?

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

*CHI: 嗯 .

%mor: co|en1=okay .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

5.3

*MOT: 傻笑啥呢 ?

%mor: adj|sha3=stupid v|xiao4=smile pro:wh|sha2=what sfp|ne ?

%gra: 1|2|JCT 2|0|ROOT 3|2|OBJ 4|2|SFP 5|2|PUNCT

*CHI: 我把这个放进这里 , 然后我就乐 .

%mor: pro|wo3=I prep|ba3=object_marker pro|zhe4ge4=this v|fang4=put

v:dirc|jin4=enter post|zhe4li3=here cm|cm adv|ran2hou4=thereupon

pro|wo3=I adv|jiu4=just adj|le4=happy .

%gra: 1|4|SUBJ 2|4|JCT 3|2|PREPO 4|0|ROOT 5|4|VD 6|4|VD 7|4|VD 8|4|VD 9|4|VD

10|11|JCT 11|4|VD 12|4|PUNCT

*MOT: 你就乐了 ?

%mor: pro|ni3=you adv|jiu4=just adj|le4=happy asp|le ?

%gra: 1|3|SUBJ 2|3|JCT 3|0|INCROOT 4|3|COM 5|3|PUNCT

*FAT: 乐了 ?

%mor: adj|le4=happy asp|le ?

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|SFP 3|1|PUNCT

5.4

*MOT: 嗯 , 你跟她说天气好的时候咱们就去好不好 ?

pro|zan2-PL=we adv|jiu4=just v:dirc|qu4=go tag|hao3bu2hao3=okay ?

%gra: 1|10|COM 2|10|MOD 3|10|SUBJ 4|10|MOD 5|4|PREPO 6|7|MOD 7|4|PREPO

8|4|PREPO 9|4|POSS 10|0|INCROOT 11|14|SUBJ 12|14|JCT 13|12|VD 14|10|COM

15|10|PUNCT

*CHI: 要不然 冷的时候会把我们搞生病的 .

%mor: conj|yao4bu4ran2=otherwise adj|leng3=cool nom|de n|shi2hou4=time

v:aux|hui4=will prep|ba3=object_marker pro|wo3-PL=I v|gao3=work

v|sheng1bing4=come_down nom|de .

%gra: 1|9|JCT 2|4|MOD 3|4|MOD 4|1|OBJ 5|9|SUBJ 6|9|JCT 7|8|SUBJ 8|6|PREPO

9|0|ROOT 10|9|POSS 11|9|PUNCT

*MOT: 对了 .

%mor: tag|dui4=correct asp|le .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|SFP 3|1|PUNCT

*MOT: 哎哟 , 真聪明宝贝儿 [>] .

%mor: co|ai1yo1=arrgh cm|cm adv|zhen1=really adj|cong1ming2=intelligent

n|bao3bei4-DIA=treasure .

%gra: 1|5|COM 2|5|MOD 3|5|JCT 4|5|MOD 5|0|INCROOT 6|5|PUNCT

*CHI: <搞生病> [<] 要看 [/] 看牙医了 .

%mor: v|gao3=work v|sheng1bing4=come_down v:aux|yao4=should v|kan4=look

n|ya2yi1=dentist asp|le .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|6|CJCT 3|5|AUX 4|5|MOD 5|2|OBJ 6|0|INCROOT 7|6|PUNCT

Luna producing long and short passives in Mandarin.

6.1

*MOT: 我揍揍了啊 , 你要再这样子 .

v:aux|yao4=should adv|zai4=again pro|zhe4=this

n|yang4-NOM=appearance .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|2|OBJ 4|2|COM 5|10|MOD 6|10|SUBJ 7|10|MOD 8|10|JCT

9|10|DET 10|2|OBJ 11|2|PUNCT

*CHI: 待会儿被警察叔叔抓走了 .

%mor: v|dai1=stay n|hui4-DIA=meeting prep|bei4=by n|jing3cha2=policeman

n:relat|shu2&DIM=uncle v|zhua1=catch v:dirc|zou3=go_away asp|le .

%gra: 1|2|MOD 2|6|SUBJ 3|6|JCT 4|5|MOD 5|3|PREPO 6|0|ROOT 7|6|VD 8|6|VD

9|6|PUNCT

*MOT: 对呀 , 你再调皮警察叔叔把你抓走了 .

adj|tiao2pi2=naughty n|jing3cha2=policeman n:relat|shu2&DIM=uncle

prep|ba3=object_marker pro|ni3=you v|zhua1=catch v:dirc|zou3=go_away

asp|le .

%gra: 1|11|SUBJ 2|1|SFP 3|11|JCT 4|8|SUBJ 5|8|JCT 6|8|MOD 7|8|MOD 8|11|SUBJ

9|11|JCT 10|9|PREPO 11|0|ROOT 12|11|VD 13|11|VD 14|11|PUNCT

6.2

*FAT: 咦 , 蛋糕到哪儿去了呀 ?

%mor: co|yi2=disapproval cm|cm n|dan4gao1=cake prep|dao4=up_until

pro:wh|na3-DIA=which v:dirc|qu4=go asp|le sfp|ya ?

%gra: 1|3|COM 2|3|MOD 3|4|TOP 4|0|INCROOT 5|4|PREPO 6|4|VD 7|4|PREPO 8|4|SFP

9|4|PUNCT

*FAT: 都不见了吧 .

%gra: 1|2|JCT 2|4|NEG 3|2|VR 4|0|INCROOT 5|4|SFP 6|4|PUNCT

*CHI: 被蚂蚁搬走了 .

%gra: 1|3|JCT 2|1|PREPO 3|0|ROOT 4|3|VD 5|3|VD 6|3|PUNCT

6.3

*CHI: 我 [//] 妈妈 , 要是我 [/] 我的风筝被缠到那个底下了 , 我 [/] <我就> [/] 我就别哭

别生气 .

n|feng1zheng1=kite prep|bei4=by v|chan2=twine v:resc|dao4=arrive

adv|jiu4=just neg|bie2=dont v|ku1=cry neg|bie2=dont

v|sheng1qi4=get_angry .

%gra: 1|8|SUBJ 2|8|JCT 3|8|JCT 4|8|SUBJ 5|8|JCT 6|8|SUBJ 7|8|JCT 8|17|COM

9|8|VR 10|17|SUBJ 11|17|JCT 12|17|JCT 13|17|COM 14|17|SUBJ 15|17|JCT

16|17|NEG 17|0|ROOT 18|19|NEG 19|17|OBJ 20|17|PUNCT

*CHI: 我就叫爸说 [/] 说 +”/.

+”/.

%gra: 1|3|SUBJ 2|3|JCT 3|0|ROOT 4|5|SUBJ 5|3|OBJ 6|3|PUNCT

*CHI: +” 爸爸 , 爸爸 .

%mor: n:relat|ba4&DIM=father cm|cm n:relat|ba4&DIM=father .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|3|MOD 3|1|OBJ 4|1|PUNCT

*CHI: 然后爸爸就给我解开 , 啊 .

%mor: adv|ran2hou4=thereupon n:relat|ba4&DIM=father adv|jiu4=just

%gra: 1|6|JCT 2|6|SUBJ 3|4|JCT 4|6|JCT 5|4|PREPO 6|0|ROOT 7|6|VR 8|6|JCT

9|8|COM 10|6|PUNCT

Avia

Avia overusing the general classifier “ge” in Mandarin contexts where specific classifiers like “ke” and “zhang” are more appropriate.

1.1

*MOT: 这是什么呀 ?

%mor: pro|zhe4=this v:cop|shi4=is pro:wh|shen2me=what sfp|ya ?

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|2|OBJ 4|2|SFP 5|2|PUNCT

*CHI: <宝宝看见> [/] (.) 宝宝看见一个树了 .

%mor: n:relat|bao3&DIM=baby v|kan4jian4=see num|yi1=one cl|ge4

n|shu4=tree asp|le .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|6|CJCT 3|4|QUANT 4|5|MOD 5|2|OBJ 6|0|INCROOT 7|6|PUNCT

*MOT: 你 [/] 你看见一个树了 ?

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|4|QUANT 4|6|CLASS 5|6|MOD 6|2|OBJ 7|2|PUNCT

*CHI: 宝宝看见一个树了 .

%mor: n:relat|bao3&DIM=baby v|kan4jian4=see num|yi1=one cl|ge4

n|shu4=tree asp|le .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|6|CJCT 3|4|QUANT 4|5|MOD 5|2|OBJ 6|0|INCROOT 7|6|PUNCT

*MOT: 你看见一个树啦 ?

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|4|QUANT 4|5|MOD 5|2|OBJ 6|2|SFP 7|2|PUNCT

1.2

*CHI: 宝宝还有两个卡片 .

%mor: n:relat|bao3&DIM=baby adv|hai2=still v|you3=have num|liang3=two

cl|ge4 n|ka3pian4=card .

%gra: 1|3|SUBJ 2|3|JCT 3|0|ROOT 4|3|PQ 5|6|MOD 6|3|OBJ 7|3|PUNCT

*MOT: 对呀 .

%mor: tag|dui4=correct sfp|ya .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|SFP 3|1|PUNCT

1.3

*MOT: 那 , 你们骑哪个车了 ?

%mor: pro|na4=that cm|cm pro|ni3-PL=you v|qi2=ride_sit_astride

pro:wh|na3ge4=which n|che1=vehicle asp|le ?

%gra: 1|4|SUBJ 2|4|SUBJ 3|4|SUBJ 4|0|ROOT 5|6|MOD 6|4|OBJ 7|4|OBJ 8|4|PUNCT

*CHI: 我们骑大车了 .

%mor: pro|wo3-PL=I v|qi2=ride_sit_astride adj|da4=great n|che1=vehicle

asp|le .

*CHI: 我们 &那个骑的时候 , <那个有那个有个> [//] 嗯 (.) 那个有个树枝在地上 .

prep|zai4=at n|di4=earth post|shang4=above .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|8|SUBJ 3|8|JCT 4|8|SUBJ 5|8|JCT 6|8|COM 7|8|SUBJ 8|0|ROOT

9|10|MOD 10|8|OBJ 11|8|JCT 12|13|MOD 13|11|PREPO 14|8|PUNCT

*CHI: 所以我们把它拿开了 .

%mor: conj|suo3yi3=so pro|wo3-PL=I prep|ba3=object_marker pro|ta1=it

v|na2=hold v:resc|kai1=open asp|le .

%gra: 1|5|COM 2|5|SUBJ 3|5|JCT 4|3|PREPO 5|0|ROOT 6|5|VR 7|5|OBJ 8|5|PUNCT

Avia producing Mandarin-like null object in English.

2.1

*FAT: are you ready to catch ?

%gra: 1|0|ROOT 2|1|PRED 3|2|PRED 4|5|INF 5|3|COMP 6|1|PUNCT

*CHI: yup !

%mor: co|yup !

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

*FAT: woo !

%mor: co|woo !

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

*CHI: &=laughs .

*FAT: whoops , sorry .

%mor: co|whoops cm|cm adj|sorry .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|LP 3|1|ENUM 4|1|PUNCT

*FAT: I didn’t throw it to you that time .

pro:per|you pro:dem|that n|time .

%gra: 1|4|SUBJ 2|4|AUX 3|2|NEG 4|0|ROOT 5|4|OBJ 6|4|JCT 7|6|POBJ 8|9|DET

9|7|OBJ 10|4|PUNCT

*CHI: &=laughs .

*CHI: I caught with my fingers .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|2|JCT 4|5|MOD 5|3|POBJ 6|2|PUNCT

2.2

*FAT: sorry I didn’t throw it far enough .

adv|enough .

%gra: 1|5|LINK 2|5|SUBJ 3|5|AUX 4|3|NEG 5|0|ROOT 6|5|OBJ 7|5|JCT 8|5|JCT

9|5|PUNCT

*CHI: hey , throw to my hand .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|LP 3|1|ENUM 4|3|JCT 5|6|MOD 6|4|POBJ 7|1|PUNCT

*FAT: I’ll try .

%mor: pro:sub|I~mod|will v|try .

%gra: 1|3|SUBJ 2|3|AUX 3|0|ROOT 4|3|PUNCT

Avia producing ba-sentences with a range of lexical verb phrases in Mandarin.

3.1

*CHI: 你看宝宝把手张得大大的 .

%mor: pro|ni3=you v|kan4=look n:relat|bao3&DIM=baby v|ba3=hold

n|shou3=hand v|zhang1=stretch v:resc|de2=get adj|da4&DIM=great

nom|de .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|8|CJCT 3|6|SUBJ 4|6|JCT 5|6|SUBJ 6|2|OBJ 7|2|VR 8|0|INCROOT

9|8|POSS 10|8|PUNCT

*MOT: 啊 , 你把你的手张得大大的 , 是不是啊 ?

n|shou3=hand v|zhang1=stretch v:resc|de2=get adj|da4&DIM=great

nom|de cm|cm tag|shi4bu2shi4=right sfp|a1 ?

%gra: 1|4|COM 2|4|TOP 3|4|DET 4|0|INCROOT 5|8|SUBJ 6|8|JCT 7|8|SUBJ 8|4|PREPO

9|4|VR 10|4|PREPO 11|4|PREPO 12|4|PREPO 13|4|COM 14|4|SFP 15|4|PUNCT

3.2

*CHI: 大 [x 3] 山要把小猫吃掉 .

%mor: adj|da4=great n|shan1=mountain v:aux|yao4=should

prep|ba3=object_marker adj|xiao3=small n|mao1=pussycat v|chi1=eat

v:resc|diao4=drop .

%gra: 1|2|MOD 2|7|SUBJ 3|7|SUBJ 4|7|JCT 5|6|MOD 6|4|PREPO 7|0|ROOT 8|7|VR

9|7|PUNCT

*MOT: 不是大山 .

%mor: neg|bu4=not v:cop|shi4=is adj|da4=great n|shan1=mountain .

%gra: 1|2|NEG 2|0|ROOT 3|4|MOD 4|2|OBJ 5|2|PUNCT

*MOT: 这是大海 .

%mor: pro|zhe4=this v:cop|shi4=is n|da4hai3=open_sea .

%gra: 1|3|DET 2|3|MOD 3|0|INCROOT 4|3|PUNCT

*CHI: 大海要把小猫吃掉啦 !

%mor: n|da4hai3=open_sea v:aux|yao4=should prep|ba3=object_marker

%gra: 1|6|SUBJ 2|6|JCT 3|6|JCT 4|5|MOD 5|3|PREPO 6|0|ROOT 7|6|VR 8|6|SFP

9|6|PUNCT

3.3

*MOT: 你冷吗 Child’s_Chinese_Name ?

%mor: pro|ni3=you adj|leng3=cool sfp|ma n:prop|Child’s_Chinese_Name ?

%gra: 1|2|DET 2|0|INCROOT 3|2|SFP 4|2|COM 5|2|PUNCT

*CHI: 是的 .

%mor: v:cop|shi4=is nom|de .

%gra: 1|0|ROOT 2|1|PRED 3|1|PUNCT

*MOT: 你冷啦 ?

%mor: pro|ni3=you adj|leng3=cool sfp|la1 ?

%gra: 1|2|DET 2|0|INCROOT 3|2|SFP 4|2|PUNCT

*CHI: 可是我可以把我的手放在我的小兜儿里呀 !

%mor: conj|ke3shi4=but pro|wo3=I v:aux|ke3yi3=may prep|ba3=object_marker

pro|wo3=I poss|de n|shou3=hand v|fang4=put prep|zai4=at pro|wo3=I

%gra: 1|8|COM 2|8|SUBJ 3|8|SUBJ 4|8|JCT 5|8|SUBJ 6|8|JCT 7|8|SUBJ 8|14|CJCT

9|8|JCT 10|9|PREPO 11|8|POSS 12|13|MOD 13|8|OBJ 14|0|INCROOT 15|14|SFP

16|14|PUNCT

3.4

*CHI: 妈妈 , 我只是把嘴里的疼的地方 (.) 擦干净 .

prep|ba3=object_marker n|zui3=mouth post|li3=inside nom|de

adj|teng2=hurt nom|de n|di4fang1=place v|ca1=wipe

adj|gan1jing4=clean .

%gra: 1|13|SUBJ 2|13|JCT 3|5|SUBJ 4|5|JCT 5|2|ROOT 6|13|JCT 7|6|PREPO

8|13|SUBJ 9|13|JCT 10|13|JCT 11|12|MOD 12|13|SUBJ 13|0|ROOT 14|13|OBJ

15|13|PUNCT

*MOT: 嘴里边儿的疼的地方 ?

%mor: n|zui3=mouth post|li3bian1-DIA=interior poss|de adj|teng2=hurt

nom|de n|di4fang1=place ?

%gra: 1|6|MOD 2|6|MOD 3|2|POSS 4|6|MOD 5|6|MOD 6|0|INCROOT 7|6|PUNCT

*MOT: 我看看 .

%mor: pro|wo3=I v|kan4&DIM=look .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|2|PUNCT

*MOT: 哪儿 [/] 哪儿疼了 ?

%mor: pro:wh|na3-DIA=which v|teng2=hurt asp|le ?

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|2|OBJ 4|2|PUNCT

*CHI: 是这儿 .

%mor: v:cop|shi4=is post|zhe4&DIA=here .

%gra: 1|0|ROOT 2|1|PRED 3|1|PUNCT

%exp: the child pointed inside her mouth .

3.5

*CHI: 你别把这些东西给忘了 , 啊 !

%mor: pro|ni3=you neg|bie2=dont prep|ba3=object_marker

quant|zhe4xie1=these n|dong1xi=thing prep|gei3=for v|wang4=forget

asp|le cm|cm co|a !

%gra: 1|2|DET 2|3|NEG 3|0|INCROOT 4|7|JCT 5|7|SUBJ 6|7|JCT 7|3|PREPO

8|3|PREPO 9|3|PREPO 10|3|COM 11|3|PUNCT

%exp: the child pointed to a plastic bag .

*MOT: 哦 , <我我> [/] 我要干吗呀那些东西 ?

sfp|ya quant|na3xie1=those n|dong1xi=thing ?

%gra: 1|2|COM 2|0|INCROOT 3|5|DET 4|5|AUX 5|2|OBJ 6|2|SFP 7|8|MOD 8|2|OBJ

9|2|PUNCT

*MOT: 是要干什么的呀 ?

%mor: v:cop|shi4=is v:aux|yao4=should v|gan4=do pro:wh|shen2me=what

nom|de sfp|ya ?

%gra: 1|3|SUBJ 2|3|JCT 3|0|ROOT 4|3|OBJ 5|3|POSS 6|3|SFP 7|3|PUNCT

*CHI: 我要把那个小箱子送给燕燕 .

%mor: pro|wo3=I v:aux|yao4=should prep|ba3=object_marker pro|na4ge4=that

adj|xiao3=small n|xiang1-NOM=box v|song4=deliver prep|gei3=for

n:name|yan4yan4 .

%gra: 1|7|SUBJ 2|7|JCT 3|7|JCT 4|3|PREPO 5|6|MOD 6|3|PREPO 7|0|ROOT 8|7|JCT

9|8|PREPO 10|7|PUNCT

3.6

*MOT: <不能> [/] 不能动那个 .

%mor: neg|bu4=not v:aux|neng2=can v|dong4=move pro|na4ge4=that .

%gra: 1|2|NEG 2|3|AUX 3|0|ROOT 4|3|OBJ 5|3|PUNCT

*CHI: 我可以把这个方形剪下来吗 ?

%mor: pro|wo3=I v:aux|ke3yi3=may prep|ba3=object_marker pro|zhe4ge4=this

n|fang1xing2=square v|jian3=cut_with_scissors v:dirc|xia4=go_down

v:dirc|lai2=come sfp|ma ?

%gra: 1|6|SUBJ 2|6|SUBJ 3|6|JCT 4|6|SUBJ 5|6|SUBJ 6|0|ROOT 7|6|VD 8|6|VD

9|6|SFP 10|6|PUNCT

*MOT: 嗯 , <不行 , 不能剪> [>] 这个 .

neg|bu4=not v:aux|neng2=can v|jian3=cut_with_scissors

pro|zhe4ge4=this .

%gra: 1|8|COM 2|8|SUBJ 3|8|JCT 4|8|SUBJ 5|8|JCT 6|7|NEG 7|8|AUX 8|0|ROOT

9|8|OBJ 10|8|PUNCT

*CHI: <还有这个方形> [<] .

%mor: adv|hai2you3=moreover pro|zhe4ge4=this n|fang1xing2=square .

%gra: 1|3|JCT 2|3|MOD 3|0|INCROOT 4|3|PUNCT

Avia producing passives in Mandarin.

4.1

*CHI: 我的工作是 <不让> [/] 不让鸟儿被打倒 .

v|rang4=allow n|niao3er2=bird prep|bei4=by v|da3=hit

adv|dao4=actually .

%gra: 1|3|SUBJ 2|3|MOD 3|9|SUBJ 4|9|SUBJ 5|6|NEG 6|9|JCT 7|9|SUBJ 8|9|JCT

9|0|ROOT 10|9|OBJ 11|9|PUNCT

*MOT: 哦 , 你 [/] 你是保护鸟的啊 ?

n|niao3=bird nom|de sfp|a1 ?

%gra: 1|6|COM 2|6|MOD 3|4|SUBJ 4|2|PREPO 5|6|MOD 6|0|INCROOT 7|6|POSS 8|6|SFP

9|6|PUNCT

*CHI: 是 .

%mor: v:cop|shi4=is .

%gra: 1|0|ROOT 2|1|PUNCT

4.2

*MOT: 可是你一接近它们 , 它们不就飞走了吗 ?

%mor: conj|ke3shi4=but pro|ni3=you adv|yi1=just_as v|jie1jin4=approach

v:resc|fei1=fly_away v:dirc|zou3=go_away asp|le sfp|ma ?

%gra: 1|4|COM 2|4|SUBJ 3|4|JCT 4|0|ROOT 5|4|OBJ 6|4|JCT 7|12|DET 8|12|NEG

9|11|JCT 10|9|VR 11|8|VD 12|6|PREPO 13|4|SFP 14|4|PUNCT

*CHI: 没事儿 .

%mor: neg|mei2=not n|shi4-DIA=thing .

%gra: 1|2|NEG 2|0|INCROOT 3|2|PUNCT

*CHI: 高的鸟儿不会被弹走 .

prep|bei4=by v|tan2=pluck_play_musical_instrument

v:dirc|zou3=go_away .

%gra: 1|3|MOD 2|3|MOD 3|6|TOP 4|5|NEG 5|6|AUX 6|0|INCROOT 7|6|PREPO 8|6|VD

9|6|PUNCT

Avia producing relative clauses in Mandarin with correct and incorrect word order.

5.1

*CHI: 我是保护鸟儿的姐姐 .

n:relat|jie3&DIM=elder_sister .

%gra: 1|3|SUBJ 2|3|JCT 3|0|ROOT 4|3|OBJ 5|3|POSS 6|3|OBJ 7|3|PUNCT

*MOT: 你是保护鸟儿的姐姐啊 ?

n:relat|jie3&DIM=elder_sister co|a ?

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|3|SUBJ 3|0|ROOT 4|3|OBJ 5|3|POSS 6|3|OBJ 7|3|COM 8|3|PUNCT

5.2

*CHI: 但是我希 [/] 希望鸟儿能上别的地方 .

%mor: conj|dan4shi4=but pro|wo3=I v|xi1wang4=hope n|niao3er2=bird

v:aux|neng2=can v:dirc|shang4=go_up pro|bie2de=other

n|di4fang1=place .

%gra: 1|3|COM 2|3|SUBJ 3|0|ROOT 4|5|MOD 5|3|OBJ 6|5|VD 7|8|MOD 8|5|VD

9|3|PUNCT

*CHI: 上 小朋友 打不着的地方不就完了呗 !

%mor: v:dirc|shang4=go_up n|xiao3peng2you3=little_child v|da3=hit

adv|jiu4=just v:resc|wan2=finish asp|le adv|bei=just !

%gra: 1|3|COM 2|3|SUBJ 3|0|ROOT 4|5|NEG 5|3|OBJ 6|11|MOD 7|11|SUBJ 8|9|NEG

9|11|JCT 10|9|VR 11|3|OBJ 12|13|JCT 13|3|PUNCT

*MOT: 嗯 .

%mor: co|en1=okay .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

*MOT: xxx , 鸟飞到小朋友 <打不着> [/] 打不着的地方就行了 , 哈 !

%mor: cm|cm n|niao3=bird v:resc|fei1=fly_away v:resc|dao4=arrive

co|ha1=ha !

%gra: 1|6|COM 2|6|SUBJ 3|6|SUBJ 4|6|JCT 5|6|SUBJ 6|14|CJCT 7|8|NEG 8|6|OBJ

9|6|POSS 10|6|OBJ 11|12|JCT 12|6|OBJ 13|6|OBJ 14|0|INCROOT 15|14|COM

16|14|PUNCT

5.3

*CHI: 我就问他们是谁 .

pro:wh|shei2=who .

%gra: 1|3|SUBJ 2|3|JCT 3|0|ROOT 4|5|SUBJ 5|3|OBJ 6|3|OBJ 7|3|PUNCT

*MOT: 问 [/] 问谁啊 ?

%mor: v|wen4=ask pro:wh|shei2=who sfp|a1 ?

%gra: 1|0|ROOT 2|1|OBJ 3|1|SFP 4|1|PUNCT

*CHI: 问 小朋友 打的鸟儿是谁 .

%mor: v|wen4=ask n|xiao3peng2you3=little_child v|da3=hit nom|de

n|niao3er2=bird v:cop|shi4=is pro:wh|shei2=who .

%gra: 1|2|MOD 2|3|SUBJ 3|0|ROOT 4|5|MOD 5|3|OBJ 6|3|ROOT 7|6|PRED 8|3|PUNCT

*MOT: 那你要问他们啥呀 ?

pro:wh|sha2=what sfp|ya ?

%gra: 1|4|SUBJ 2|4|SUBJ 3|4|AUX 4|0|ROOT 5|6|DET 6|4|OBJ 7|4|SFP 8|4|PUNCT

*CHI: 我问他们 , 能不能 <不要再> [/] 不要再用弹弓打小鸟儿了 .

neg|bu4=not v:aux|neng2=can neg|bu4=not v:aux|yao4=should

adv|zai4=again v|yong4=use n|dan4gong1=slingshot v|da3=hit

adj|xiao3=small n|niao3er2=bird asp|le .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|11|SUBJ 3|2|OBJ 4|11|JCT 5|6|AUX 6|7|NEG 7|11|SUBJ 8|11|JCT

9|11|AUX 10|11|JCT 11|0|ROOT 12|13|SUBJ 13|11|SRL 14|15|MOD 15|13|OBJ

16|11|OBJ 17|11|PUNCT

Avia producing get-passives in English

6.1

*CHI: there are rocks to spin around the earth into the little rocks

got mixed together around the earth .

n|earth .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|3|SUBJ 3|0|ROOT 4|3|JCT 5|4|POBJ 6|5|NJCT 7|8|DET 8|6|POBJ

9|14|LINK 10|12|DET 11|12|MOD 12|14|SUBJ 13|14|AUX 14|3|CJCT 15|14|JCT

16|14|JCT 17|18|DET 18|16|POBJ 19|3|PUNCT

*CHI: and then make another baby moon instead .

%gra: 1|3|LINK 2|3|JCT 3|0|ROOT 4|6|QUANT 5|6|MOD 6|3|OBJ 7|3|JCT 8|3|PUNCT

*FAT: well , this is an idea people have about where the moon came from .

prep|from .

%gra: 1|4|COM 2|1|LP 3|4|SUBJ 4|8|LINK 5|7|DET 6|7|MOD 7|8|SUBJ 8|0|ROOT

9|8|JCT 10|13|LINK 11|12|DET 12|13|SUBJ 13|9|CMOD 14|13|JCT 15|8|PUNCT

6.2

*FAT: oh , they need to be protected from the rain ?

prep|from det:art|the n|rain ?

%gra: 1|4|COM 2|1|LP 3|4|SUBJ 4|0|ROOT 5|7|INF 6|7|AUX 7|4|COMP 8|7|JCT

9|10|DET 10|8|POBJ 11|4|PUNCT

*CHI: yeah .

%mor: co|yeah .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

*FAT: I see .

%mor: pro:sub|I v|see .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|2|PUNCT

*FAT: I don’t know it was raining .

part|rain-PRESP .

%gra: 1|4|SUBJ 2|4|AUX 3|2|NEG 4|0|ROOT 5|7|SUBJ 6|7|AUX 7|4|COMP 8|4|PUNCT

*CHI: but I think they’re gonna [: going to] stay inside .

inf|to cop|stay adv|inside .

%gra: 1|3|LINK 2|3|SUBJ 3|0|ROOT 4|6|SUBJ 5|6|AUX 6|3|COMP 7|8|INF 8|6|COMP

9|8|JCT 10|3|PUNCT

*CHI: cause they don’t have a umbrella at home .

prep|at n|home .

%gra: 1|5|LINK 2|5|SUBJ 3|5|AUX 4|3|NEG 5|0|ROOT 6|7|DET 7|5|OBJ 8|5|JCT

9|8|POBJ 10|5|PUNCT

*FAT: ugh , did they forget to bring their umbrella ?

det:poss|their n|umbrella ?

%gra: 1|5|COM 2|1|LP 3|1|ENUM 4|5|SUBJ 5|0|ROOT 6|7|INF 7|5|COMP 8|9|MOD

9|7|OBJ 10|5|PUNCT

*CHI: yeah .

%mor: co|yeah .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

*CHI: I think they’re gonna [: going to] stay inside home , not get burned up .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|5|SUBJ 4|5|AUX 5|2|COMP 6|7|INF 7|5|COMP 8|7|PRED

9|7|JCT 10|7|LP 11|12|NEG 12|7|PRED 13|12|PRED 14|13|JCT 15|2|PUNCT

Avia producing English subject relative clauses

7.1

*CHI: this is the [/] the wheel that spins .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|4|DET 4|2|PRED 5|6|LINK 6|4|CMOD 7|2|PUNCT

*CHI: and some of them needs to slow down so they can stop .

%gra: 1|5|LINK 2|5|SUBJ 3|2|NJCT 4|3|POBJ 5|0|ROOT 6|7|INF 7|5|COMP 8|7|JCT

9|12|COM 10|12|SUBJ 11|12|AUX 12|5|CJCT 13|5|PUNCT

7.2

*FAT: oh , the airplane is going to drive into the airport through the

gate ?

n|gate ?

%gra: 1|6|COM 2|1|LP 3|4|DET 4|6|SUBJ 5|6|AUX 6|0|ROOT 7|6|JCT 8|7|POBJ

9|6|JCT 10|11|DET 11|14|MOD 12|14|MOD 13|14|DET 14|9|POBJ 15|6|PUNCT

*CHI: yeah .

%mor: co|yeah .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

*CHI: and there’s the fence which keeps the airplane from getting into the

airport without the door .

det:art|the n|door .

%gra: 1|3|LINK 2|3|SUBJ 3|0|ROOT 4|5|DET 5|3|PRED 6|7|LINK 7|5|CMOD 8|9|DET

9|7|OBJ 10|7|JCT 11|10|POBJ 12|11|JCT 13|14|DET 14|12|POBJ 15|11|JCT

16|17|DET 17|15|POBJ 18|3|PUNCT

Winston

Winston producing ba-construction in Mandarin

1.1

*LAN: <它被谁> [<] 弄哭的呀 ?

nom|de sfp|ya ?

%gra: 1|5|SUBJ 2|5|JCT 3|2|PREPO 4|2|PREPO 5|0|ROOT 6|5|POSS 7|5|SFP

8|5|PUNCT

*LAN: 是不是 Winston@s:eng 呐 ?

%gra: 1|0|ROOT 2|3|NEG 3|1|ROOT 4|1|PRED 5|1|SFP 6|1|PUNCT

*CHI: 是的 , 我把它弄哭了 .

pro|ta1=it v|nong4=make v|ku1=cry asp|le .

%gra: 1|8|SUBJ 2|1|PRED 3|8|JCT 4|8|SUBJ 5|8|JCT 6|7|SUBJ 7|5|PREPO 8|0|ROOT

9|8|OBJ 10|8|PUNCT

1.2

*SOP: 嗯 , 要怎么办 ?

%mor: co|en1=okay cm|cm v:aux|yao4=should adv:wh|zen3meban4=how ?

%gra: 1|2|COM 2|0|INCROOT 3|4|AUX 4|2|OBJ 5|2|PUNCT

*SOP: 你告诉 George@s:eng 让 George@s:eng 来做 .

v:dirc|lai2=come v|zuo4=make .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|4|SUBJ 3|4|JCT 4|0|ROOT 5|4|OBJ 6|5|VD 7|5|VD 8|4|PUNCT

*CHI: hmm , 把它要看 .

v|kan4=look .

%gra: 1|2|COM 2|6|SUBJ 3|6|JCT 4|6|SUBJ 5|6|AUX 6|0|ROOT 7|6|PUNCT

*CHI: 然后 <要把它弄在> [//] 要把它弄上来 .

%mor: adv|ran2hou4=thereupon v:aux|yao4=should prep|ba3=object_marker

pro|ta1=it v|nong4=make v:dirc|shang4=go_up v:dirc|lai2=come .

%gra: 1|5|JCT 2|5|JCT 3|5|JCT 4|3|PREPO 5|0|ROOT 6|5|VD 7|5|VD 8|5|PUNCT

*CHI: 要把它弄上这里啊 .

%mor: v:aux|yao4=should prep|ba3=object_marker pro|ta1=it v|nong4=make

v:dirc|shang4=go_up post|zhe4li3=here co|a .

%gra: 1|4|SUBJ 2|4|JCT 3|2|PREPO 4|0|ROOT 5|4|VD 6|4|VD 7|4|COM 8|4|PUNCT

1.3

*RIK: 对呀 , 那我们还要什么颜色呢 ?

adv|hai2=still v:aux|yao4=should pro:wh|shen2me=what n|yan2se4=color

sfp|ne ?

%gra: 1|9|MOD 2|1|SFP 3|9|MOD 4|7|DET 5|7|SUBJ 6|7|JCT 7|9|AUX 8|9|MOD

9|0|INCROOT 10|9|SFP 11|9|PUNCT

*CHI: hmm , 我想你把这个橙色的放进去这里 .

prep|ba3=object_marker pro|zhe4=this cl|ge4

adj|cheng2se4=orange_color nom|de v|fang4=put v:dirc|jin4=enter

v:dirc|qu4=go post|zhe4li3=here .

%gra: 1|11|COM 2|11|JCT 3|11|SUBJ 4|11|JCT 5|11|SUBJ 6|11|JCT 7|6|PREPO

8|11|SUBJ 9|11|SUBJ 10|11|JCT 11|0|ROOT 12|11|VD 13|11|VD 14|11|VD

15|11|PUNCT

1.4

*MOT: 你真的不知道爸爸喜欢吃什么吗 ?

%mor: pro|ni3=you adv|zhen1-ISH=really neg|bu4=not v|zhi1dao4=know

n:relat|ba4&DIM=father v|xi3huan1=like v|chi1=eat

pro:wh|shen2me=what sfp|ma ?

%gra: 1|4|SUBJ 2|4|JCT 3|4|NEG 4|0|ROOT 5|7|SUBJ 6|7|JCT 7|4|OBJ 8|4|OBJ

9|4|SFP 10|4|PUNCT

*CHI: 我想把所有的东西都买回去 .

n|dong1xi=thing adv|dou1=all v|mai3=buy v:dirc|hui2=back

v:dirc|qu4=go .

%gra: 1|3|SUBJ 2|3|AUX 3|4|SUBJ 4|8|SUBJ 5|8|JCT 6|8|SUBJ 7|8|JCT 8|0|ROOT

9|8|VD 10|8|VD 11|8|PUNCT

*MAG: 不够钱 .

%mor: neg|bu4=not adv|gou4=enough n|qian2=money .

%gra: 1|3|NEG 2|3|JCT 3|0|INCROOT 4|3|PUNCT

*SOP: 对呀 , 我们钱不够买所有的东西 .

n|dong1xi=thing .

%gra: 1|5|MOD 2|1|SFP 3|5|MOD 4|5|MOD 5|9|SUBJ 6|9|JCT 7|8|JCT 8|9|JCT

9|0|ROOT 10|11|MOD 11|9|OBJ 12|9|PUNCT

Winston producing zeong-construction in Cantonese

*MAG: 哦 , 你 baby@s:eng 嘅4 時候鍾意將第二啲嘢整壞 aa4 ?

n|si4hau6=point_of_time v|+v|zung1+n|ji3=like

prep|zoeng1=by_means_of det|dai6ji6=another cl|di1=some n|je5=thing

v|zing2=make adj|waai6=bad sfp|aa4 ?

*CHI: 係jaa3 , <我將> [//] 我鍾意將書裡便嘅4 嘢整壞啊 .

prep|zoeng1=by_means_of n|syu1=book loc|leoi5bin6=inside stprt|ge3

n|je5=thing v|zing2=make adj|waai6=bad sfp|aa3 .

Winston producing aspect marker zo2, and sentence-final particle ge2 in Cantonese

*MOT: 係jaa3 , 媽媽想問吓5 你點解 Molly@s:eng 要擔住把遮啊 ?

%mor: co|hai6jaa3=true cm|cm n|maa1&DIM=mother v:aux|soeng2=want

v:aux|jiu3=should v|daam1=carry asp|zyu6=continuous cl|baa2=cl

n|ze1=umbrella sfp|aa3 ?

*CHI: 點解我哋冇咗把遮嘅 ?

%mor: wh|dim2gaai2=why pro|ngo5-PL=I v|mou5=not_having asp|zo2=perfective

cl|baa2=cl n|ze1=umbrella sfp|ge2 ?

*CHI: 噢 , 冇 .

%mor: co|ou3=oh cm|cm v|mou5=not_having .

*MOT: 可能阿姨攞咗返屋企啊 .

%mor: adj|ho2nang4=possible FAM#n|ji1=aunt v|lo2=take asp|zo2=perfective

v|faan1=go_back n|uk1kei2=home sfp|aa3 .

Winston producing wh-questions

4.1

*CHI: what [/] what snacks do they have sometimes ?

%gra: 1|2|MOD 2|6|SUBJ 3|6|AUX 4|6|SUBJ 5|6|AUX 6|0|ROOT 7|6|PUNCT

*KAY: &=laughs .

*MOT: so what do they eat ?

%gra: 1|5|JCT 2|5|LINK 3|5|AUX 4|5|SUBJ 5|0|ROOT 6|5|PUNCT

*CHI: &um snacks .

%mor: n|snack-PL .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

4.2

*CHI: who [/] who had an accident ?

%mor: pro:rel|who v|have&PAST det:art|a n|accident ?

%gra: 1|2|LINK 2|0|ROOT 3|4|DET 4|2|OBJ 5|2|PUNCT

*MAG: Zoe .

%mor: n:prop|Zoe .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

*MAG: my legs hurt .

%mor: det:poss|my n|leg-PL v|hurt&ZERO .

%gra: 1|2|MOD 2|3|SUBJ 3|0|ROOT 4|3|PUNCT

4.3

*CHI: (o)kay who can drive ?

%mor: co|okay pro:int|who mod|can v|drive ?

%gra: 1|4|COM 2|4|SUBJ 3|4|AUX 4|0|ROOT 5|4|PUNCT

*SOP: okay where do you wanna [: want to] go ?

%gra: 1|5|COM 2|5|LINK 3|5|AUX 4|5|SUBJ 5|0|ROOT 6|7|INF 7|5|COMP 8|5|PUNCT

*CHI: why’s the car not moving ?

%gra: 1|2|LINK 2|0|ROOT 3|4|DET 4|2|PRED 5|4|NEG 6|4|XMOD 7|2|PUNCT

4.4

*CHI: where are Peppa and George ?

%gra: 1|2|LINK 2|0|ROOT 3|2|PRED 4|2|CONJ 5|4|COORD 6|2|PUNCT

*CHI: I want you to grab the light and [/] and then close the light .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|5|SUBJ 4|5|INF 5|2|COMP 6|7|DET 7|5|OBJ 8|5|CONJ

9|10|JCT 10|8|COORD 11|12|DET 12|10|OBJ 13|2|PUNCT

4.5

*CHI: I kiss you a lot .

%mor: pro:sub|I v|kiss pro:per|you det:art|a n|lot .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|2|OBJ2 4|5|DET 5|2|OBJ 6|2|PUNCT

*SOP: yeah .

%mor: co|yeah .

%gra: 1|0|INCROOT 2|1|PUNCT

*SOP: it’s a good memory .

%gra: 1|2|SUBJ 2|0|ROOT 3|5|DET 4|5|MOD 5|2|PRED 6|2|PUNCT

*CHI: why did I kiss you a lot ?

n|lot ?

%gra: 1|4|LINK 2|4|AUX 3|4|SUBJ 4|0|ROOT 5|4|OBJ2 6|7|DET 7|4|OBJ 8|4|PUNCT

Winston producing a passive in Mandarin

*MOT: 它被谁带走了 ?

%mor: pro|ta1=it prep|bei4=by pro:wh|shei2=who v|dai4=bring

v:dirc|zou3=go_away asp|le ?

%gra: 1|4|SUBJ 2|4|JCT 3|2|PREPO 4|0|ROOT 5|4|VD 6|4|VD 7|4|PUNCT

*CHI: &hmm , 老爹 [/] 老爹狗 的 xxx truck@s:eng 被拖走了 .

%mor: cm|cm n|lao3die1gou3=cartoon_character poss|de L2|truck

prep|bei4=by v|tuo1=pull v:dirc|zou3=go_away asp|le .

%gra: 1|2|MOD 2|6|SUBJ 3|2|POSS 4|6|JCT 5|6|JCT 6|0|ROOT 7|6|VD 8|6|VD 9|6|PUNCT

Winston producing a long passive in Cantonese

*LAN: 點解一個火車唔見咗嘅 ?

%mor: wh|dim2gaai2=why num|jat1=one cl|go3=cl n|fo2ce1=train

adv:neg|m4=not v|gin3=see asp|zo2=perfective sfp|ge2 ?

*KAY: 去咗邊啊 ?

%mor: v|heoi3=go asp|zo2=perfective dem|bin1=which sfp|aa3 ?

*CHI: <係佢> [//] +/.

%mor: +/.

*LAN: 去咗邊度啊 ?

%mor: v|heoi3=go asp|zo2=perfective wh|bin1dou6=where sfp|aa3 ?

*CHI: +, 係俾 (.) 佢偷咗走咗 .

%mor: v|hai6=be prep|bei2=passive pro|keoi5=he v|tau1=steal

asp|zo2=perfective v|zau2=run asp|zo2=perfective .

*LAN: 邊個 ?

%mor: wh|bin1go3=who ?

*LAN: 咩事 ?

%mor: wh|me1=what n|si6=matter ?

*LAN: 發生咩事 ?

*CHI: <係係> [/] 係哩 [//] 你偷走咗喇嘛 .

sfp|laa3=persuasive sfp|maa3 .

Winston producing a subject relative clause in Cantonese

*CHI: <自己 [?] 哩 [/] 哩個有電池嘅4 火> [//] 哩啲係有電池嘅4 火車嗎 ?

stprt|ge3 n|fo2ce1=train sfp|maa3 ?

*KAY: 唔係啊 .

%mor: adv:neg|m4=not v|hai6=be sfp|aa3 .

*CHI: 我哋屋企有電池嘅4 火車冇咗喇 .

%mor: pro|ngo5-PL=I n|uk1kei2=home v|jau5=have n|din6ci4=battery

stprt|ge3 n|fo2ce1=train adv:neg|mou2=not_have asp|zo2=perfective

sfp|laa3=persuasive .